×

Dietary studies are essential to unravel the functioning of ecosystems and ultimately to understand biodiversity. This task, which at first may seem simple, becomes especially complex in those cases of omnivorous species with highly variable diets. In this regard, the emergence of next-generation DNA sequencing methodologies represents a powerful tool to address the problem. Here we implement a high-throughput metabarcoding strategy based on the analysis of four molecular markers aimed at sequencing both mitochondrial (animal prey) and chloroplast (diet plants) genome fragments from fecal samples of two lizard species endemic to the Balearic Archipelago (Podarcis lilfordi and P. pityusensis) obtained through non-invasive methods. The results allowed for the characterization of their diets with a high degree of taxonomic detail and have contributed a large number of new trophic records. The reported diets are based mainly on the consumption of arthropods, mollusks and plants from a diversity of taxonomic orders, as well as carrion and marine subsidies. Our analyses also reveal inter- and intra-specific differences both in terms of seasonality and geographical distribution of the sampled lizard populations. These molecular findings provide new insights into the trophic interactions of these threatened endemic lizards in their unique and isolated ecosystems.

×

Gut microbial communities provide essential functions to their hosts and are known to influence both their ecology and evolution. However, our knowledge of these complex associations is still very limited in reptiles. Here we report the 16S rRNA gene faecal microbiota profiles of two lizard species endemic to the Balearic archipelago (Podarcis lilfordi and P. pityusensis), encompassing their allopatric range of distribution through a noninvasive sampling, as an alternative to previ- ous studies that implied killing specimens of these IUCN endangered and near-threatened species, respectively. Both lizard species showed a faecal microbiome composition consistent with their omnivorous trophic ecology, with a high representa- tion of cellulolytic bacteria taxa. We also identified species-specific core microbiota signatures and retrieved lizard species, islet ascription, and seasonality as the main factors in explaining bacterial community composition. The different Balearic Podarcis populations are characterised by harbouring a high proportion of unique bacterial taxa, thus reinforcing their view as unique and divergent evolutionary entities.

×

In this article an introduction is given on the geological history leading to the separation of Podarcis lilfordi (GÜNTHER, 1874) and Podarcis pityusensis (BOSCÁ, 1883) as separate species, as well as a Holocene sea level rise model which combined with bathymetric data leads to an estimation of recent divergence time in populations of the Balearic lizards.

×

New data on estimated divergence times of the populations of lacertid lizards in the Balearic Islands are provided in this second update of the October 2011 article: Estimating recent divergence time in populations of Podarcis lilfordi (GÜNTHER, 1874) and Podarcis pityusensis (BOSCÁ, 1883) (VAN DEN BERG 2011), which received its first update May 2012. In most cases better estimations of divergence times were available by using the NAVIONICS SonarCharts™webapp.

×

More than three decades of fascination for the endemic Balearic sisterspecies Podarcis lilfordi (GÜNTHER, 1874) and Podarcis pityusensis (BOSCÁ, 1883), resulted in 30 trips (1980-2013) to the home of these lacertid lizards, in which we studied their ethology as well as their distribution and geographical differences in pattern and coloration. In comparison to prior scientific studies that led to an inflationary description of subspecies, we often found wide variations within populations and their subspecific characteristics. The question “To be distinct, or not to be distinct” is, to our opinion, not answered correctly in most cases. In order to gather data for a future revision of the present subspecific order, we started in 2011 to collect data of these lizards in a structured way, and storing this data in a free accessible database (www.pityusensis.nl). Later in 2011 we enhanced our dataset by gathering tissue samples of the lizards, using the non invasive technique of buccal swabbing, for future accompanied DNA research.

×

Phylogenetic relationships and timings of major cladogenesis events are investigated in the Balearic Island lizards Podarcis lilfordi and Podarcis pityusensis using 2675 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Partitioned Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analyses provided a well-resolved phylogeny with high node-support values. Bayesian MCMC estimation of node dates was investigated by comparing means of posterior distributions from different subsets of the sequence against the most robust analysis which used multiple partitions and allowed for rate heterogeneity among branches under a rate-drift model. Evolutionary rates were systematically underestimated and thus divergence times overestimated when sequences containing lower numbers of variable sites were used (based on ingroup node constraints). The following analyses allowed the best recovery of node times under the constant-rate (i.e., perfect clock) model: (i) all cytochrome b sequence (partitioned by codon position), (ii) cytochrome b (codon position 3 alone), (iii) NADH dehydrogenase (subunits 1 and 2; partitioned by codon position), (iv) cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase sequence together (six gene–codon partitions), (v) all unpartitioned sequence, (vi) a full multipartition analysis (nine partitions). Of these, only (iv) and (vi) performed well under the rate-drift model. These findings have significant implications for dating of recent divergence times in other taxa. The earliest P. lilfordi cladogenesis event (divergence of Menorcan populations), occurred before the end of the Pliocene, some 2.6 Ma. Subsequent events led to a West Mallorcan lineage (2.0 Ma ago), followed 1.2 Ma ago by divergence of populations from the southern part of the Cabrera archipelago from a widely-distributed group from north Cabrera, northern and southern Mallorcan islets. Divergence within P. pityusensis is more recent with the main Ibiza and Formentera clades sharing a common ancestor at about 1.0 Ma ago. Climatic and sea level changes are likely to have initiated cladogenesis, with lineages making secondary contact during periodic landbridge formation. This oscillating cross-archipelago pattern in which ancient divergence is followed by repeated contact resembles that seen between East-West refugia populations from mainland Europe.

×

The author describes his observations on Podarcis lilfordi on Mallorca. Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii was found in great numbers on the island Dragonera, west of Mallorca. The melanistic P. l. jordansi was found in the port of Colònia de Sant Jordi in Mallorca. There it inhabits a small remaining part of the former small island ‘Frailes’, that is now connected to the main island.

×

We report here a case of spontaneous limb regeneration in a wild Podarcis lilfordi lizard from the Balearic Islands. The animal had lost a hind limb, which regenerated posteriorly into a tail-like appendage. Despite not representing a functional regeneration, the growth of this structure after limb amputation suggests that survival of the individual may have been favored by the less restrictive conditions prevailing in insular environments. Nevertheless, such cases are extremely rare in lizards, with no reported cases over the last 60 years.

×

Studies of the effects on insularity on the design of animal signals are scarce, particularly in lizards. Here we use Lilford’s wall lizard from Dragonera (Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii) to ask how insularity has affected its repertoire of social signals relative to mainland Podarcis. We focused on two visual signals shared by many Podarcis: UVblue patches (UBP) and visual displays. The latter include foot shakes and the raised body displays used to expose the UBP. We examined if the number or spectral characteristics of the UBP are associated with morphological traits related to individual quality. We also used visual models to measure sexual dichromatism in the UBP. We did not observe foot shakes or any other visual displays. The UBP did not covary with body condition or fighting ability in males, suggesting that this coloration does not signal individual quality. We also found very little sexual dichromatism, females having malelike UBP. We hypothesize that this pattern of reduced social signaling is due to the high population density of P. lilfordi gigliolii, which discourages territorial behavior and promotes extreme social tolerance, making most social signals unnecessary.

×

Studies of the effects of insularity on animal signals are scarce, particularly in lizards. Here, we use Lilford’s wall lizard from Dragonera (Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii) to ask how island conditions have affected its repertoire of social signals, focusing on two visual signals shared by many Podarcis species: ultraviolet (UV)–blue-reflecting ventrolateral colour patches and visual displays. We examined whether the number or spectral characteristics of the UV–blue patches are associated with traits related to individual quality. We also used visual models to assess visual conspicuousness and to measure sexual dichromatism. We did not observe foot shakes or any other visual displays usually found in continental Podarcis. We found that none of the UV–blue patch variables covaried with morphometric variables indicative of fighting ability or body condition in males, suggesting that this coloration does not signal individual quality. We also found very little sexual dichromatism. In particular, the UV–blue patches of females seem over-expressed and more similar to those of males than those of continental Podarcis. Ancestral state reconstruction reveals that the lack of sexual dimorphism in the UV–blue patches is a derived condition for P. lilfordi gigliolii and other Podarcis living on small islands. Our results thus show a pattern of reduced social signalling in P. lilfordi gigliolii relative to mainland Podarcis, with some signals being lost or under-expressed (visual displays) and others losing their signalling function (UV–blue patches). We hypothesize that these changes are attributable to the high population density of P. lilfordi gigliolii, which discourages territorial behaviour and promotes extreme social tolerance, making most social signals unnecessary. More work will be needed to determine whether this is a common pattern in lizards inhabiting small and densely populated islands.

×

Studies of the effects of insularity on animal signals are scarce, particularly in lizards. Here, we use Lilford’s wall lizard from Dragonera (Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii) to ask how island conditions have affected its repertoire of social signals, focusing on two visual signals shared by many Podarcis species: ultraviolet (UV)–blue-reflecting ventrolateral colour patches and visual displays. We examined whether the number or spectral characteristics of the UV–blue patches are associated with traits related to individual quality. We also used visual models to assess visual conspicuousness and to measure sexual dichromatism. We did not observe foot shakes or any other visual displays usually found in continental Podarcis. We found that none of the UV–blue patch variables covaried with morphometric variables indicative of fighting ability or body condition in males, suggesting that this coloration does not signal individual quality. We also found very little sexual dichromatism. In particular, the UV–blue patches of females seem over-expressed and more similar to those of males than those of continental Podarcis. Ancestral state reconstruction reveals that the lack of sexual dimorphism in the UV–blue patches is a derived condition for P. lilfordi gigliolii and other Podarcis living on small islands. Our results thus show a pattern of reduced social signalling in P. lilfordi gigliolii relative to mainland Podarcis, with some signals being lost or under-expressed (visual displays) and others losing their signalling function (UV–blue patches). We hypothesize that these changes are attributable to the high population density of P. lilfordi gigliolii, which discourages territorial behaviour and promotes extreme social tolerance, making most social signals unnecessary. More work will be needed to determine whether this is a common pattern in lizards inhabiting small and densely populated islands.

×

Studies of the effects of insularity on animal signals are scarce, particularly in lizards. Here, we use Lilford’s wall lizard from Dragonera (Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii) to ask how island conditions have affected its repertoire of social signals, focusing on two visual signals shared by many Podarcis species: ultraviolet (UV)–blue-reflecting ventrolateral colour patches and visual displays. We examined whether the number or spectral characteristics of the UV–blue patches are associated with traits related to individual quality. We also used visual models to assess visual conspicuousness and to measure sexual dichromatism. We did not observe foot shakes or any other visual displays usually found in continental Podarcis. We found that none of the UV–blue patch variables covaried with morphometric variables indicative of fighting ability or body condition in males, suggesting that this coloration does not signal individual quality. We also found very little sexual dichromatism. In particular, the UV–blue patches of females seem over-expressed and more similar to those of males than those of continental Podarcis. Ancestral state reconstruction reveals that the lack of sexual dimorphism in the UV–blue patches is a derived condition for P. lilfordi gigliolii and other Podarcis living on small islands. Our results thus show a pattern of reduced social signalling in P. lilfordi gigliolii relative to mainland Podarcis, with some signals being lost or under-expressed (visual displays) and others losing their signalling function (UV–blue patches). We hypothesize that these changes are attributable to the high population density of P. lilfordi gigliolii, which discourages territorial behaviour and promotes extreme social tolerance, making most social signals unnecessary. More work will be needed to determine whether this is a common pattern in lizards inhabiting small and densely populated islands.

×

Comparative analyses were carried out about the variability of the pileal shields of different species belonging to the family Lacertidae. The results of the comparisons have been evaluated in respect to the phylogenetical relationships existing between the different genera and species of the family.

×

Many lizards use femoral gland secretions in intraspecific communication. Although there is a consistent interspecific variation in chemical composition of secretions, considerable variation is also often found between populations, which may affect conspecifc recognition and lead to speciation processes. Balearic lizards (Podarcis lilfordi) are currently distributed only in several isolated islets offshore of the main islands with different environmental conditions (vegetation, diet, density of population, etc). Also, there is a high genetic variability between populations. We examined whether there was a similar variation in the composition of the femoral secretions of male lizards, and which could be the causes of such variation. By using GC–MS analyses, we found 75 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of male P. lilfordi from three representative island populations. Main compounds were steroids (94.4%), mainly cholesterol, but we also found alkanes, ketones, waxy esters, squalene, carboxylic acids and their ethyl esters, alcohols and other minor compounds. However, there were clear differences between populations with respect to the number and relative proportions of compounds. Using the patterns of presence and abundance of compounds in secretions it is possible to predict the population of origin of a lizard. We discuss how these differences could be explained considering genetic and environmental differences between populations.

×

Understanding the evolution of conspicuous colour patterns has been a major challenge in evolutionary biology since darwin’s formulation of naztural and sexual selection 150 years ago. A striking case of conspicuous colouration is the structural blue colour found in lizards belonging to several families, including lacertids (Lacertidae). Blue colouration can be restricted to discrete patches, as those found in the flanks or head of many lacertids, or can extend over large areas of the integument as in several insular populations of Lacertini. Recent research has shown that the blue flank and head patches of many lavcertids have their peak of reflectance in the ultravolet (UV) range. It has been suggestes that these UV-blue patches may be part of a private (i.e. available only to receptors with UV vision) communication system. In contrast, nothing is known about the spectral characteristics of those species in which all or large portions of the body surface are blue. Using objective methods of colour measurement and analysis, we studies the spectral characteristics of blue colouration in Podarcis lilfordi kuligae and compared them with those from other blue lacertids. The ventral surface and flank patches of P. lilfordi kuligae are both UV-blue, but their spectral shape is strikingly different, possibly reflecting different underlying selewctive pressures and colour production mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of polychromatism in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our results show that a wide range of spectrally different colouration belie human-perceived blues in lacertids. We analyse visual interactions among lacertid colours and habitat natural backgrounds and propose some hypothesis for the evolution of lizard blue and UV-blue colouration.

×

Aims: To characterize the genetic and morphological diversification of the endan- gered Balearic lizard Podarcis lilfordi and to assess the relevance of this diversity, and how it is described, to conservation measures. Location: This study covers all the populations of the Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, present in its range of distribution at coastal islets of Menorca, Mallorca and Cabrera Archipelago. Methods: We analysed genetic and morphological variation across the 43 known extant populations of the Balearic lizard, using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We examined morphometric and scalation characters using, in some cases, phyloge- netically independent contrasts. We also incorporated the study of dorsal coloration and dorsal colour pattern including the analysis of melanism in several populations. Results: We detected clear genetic divergence between Menorcan populations and populations from Mallorca and Cabrera, in both nuclear and mtDNA markers, but genetic divergence is relatively low among different insular populations within these groups. In contrast, morphological divergence was substantial both between Menorcan and remaining populations and within these groups. Morphological traits, such as dorsal coloration, body size and the number and size of scales, seemed to be linked with differences in climatic conditions between populations. In addition, some traits, as melanism, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Main conclusions: The morphological and genetic diversity of the Balearic lizard is incongruent with the subspecies described in the classical taxonomic literature. Moreover, current populations differ not only in some genetic and morphological features, but also in several ecological and ethological characteristics, in many cases unique to one population. Based on our results, we propose abandoning the use of subspecies to describe the extraordinary morphological diversity of the Balearic liz- ard and its replacement with the concept of evolutionary significant units (ESUs). ESUs are particularly suitable to describe and recognize such diversity and, especially, to ensure the continuity of the evolutionary process.

×

he Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, is present in 43 insular populations in the Cabrera archipelago and around the coasts of Mallorca and Menorca islands (Spain). We studied lizard densities over the entire range of distribution, analyzing observed differences of density in relation to island area, habitat diversity, availability of resources, presence of predators, competitors and human disturbances. The density of the Balearic lizard varies from less than 35 to almost 8000 lizards ha-1, with an average of around 1500 lizards ha-1. In some very small islets we detected no more than 10 individuals. Using a subsample of nine coastal islets (Menorca) we did not find any significant correlation between ground arthropod biomass and lizard density. The combination of island area and its maximal altitude, its so-called biotic capacity, was also uncorrelated with lizard density. In addition, neither degree of island accessibility nor presence/absence of seagull breeding colonies, were able to explain lizard densities. Islands without ship rats (Rattus rattus) showed a significantly higher lizard density, but islands in which rat eradication programs were launched during the study period, showed lower densities than those with rats but no eradication actions. Genetic variability was significantly higher on bigger lizard populations, lacking a correlation with lizard densities. No single independent variable can explain density differences among populations under study. Our results are discussed in the light of available hypotheses on factors affecting population densities.

×

The Balearic lizard P. lilfordi inhabits the Gymnesies Islands and have sexual dimorphism. By means of biometric studies and analyses such as the discriminant analysis, it has been determined the morphometric characters that determine this sexual dimorphism. The characters chosen by the analysis were: body length, pileus width, number of gular scales, length of the four finger of the posterior leg. The differential measures of these characters makes the males to have a burlness and robustness greater than the females of the same population. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that in all P. lilfordi populations, the males will be aways the most burliness and robustness,but this will depend upon th population of P. lilfordi we take into consideration.

×

Comparisons among eight populations of Podarcis lilfordi, seven of Podarcis pityusensis (representative lizards of the Balearic Archipielago), and one of Podarcis hispanica atrata fro the Columbretes Islands, have been made from a morphological point of view, measuring 15 morphometric characters of the lizards. Cluster and discriminant analyses were obtained for males and females to show the relationships among the different populations and species. These analyses gave three groups: one of them with the most P. lilfordi populations, other with the most P. pityusensis populations, and a well seperated group with the P. hispanica atrata species. Some populations connect the groups of P. lilfordi and P. pityusensis. The possibility that P. lilfordi and P. pityusensis be two pattern of variation inside the same species instead of two well differentiated species is considered, altrough further studies are necessary.

×

Seed rain mediated by frugivores is influenced by (1) the seed-deposition distances following fruit ingestion, (2) the disperser activity, as determined by its behaviour and habitat preferences, and (3) the structure of the habitat within the landscape. Here, we evaluated such components using the fleshy-fruited shrub Ephedra fragilis and the frugivorous Balearic lizard Podarcis lilfordi. We estimated seed-deposition patterns based on the displacements and habitat preferences of lizards, derived from visual surveys and telemetry data. The influence of variables potentially determining lizard habitat preference (i.e., height, slope, four measures of habitat abundance and four measures of habitat fragmentation) was evaluated at three spatial scales: ‘home-range’ (c. 2.5–10*103 m2; telemetry data), ‘within home-range’ (c. 100 m2; telemetry data) and ‘microhabitat’ (<100 m2; visual survey). Cumulative lizard displacement (from each telemetric location to the initial capture point) saturated before the peak of seed defecation (seed-retention time), indicating that lizard home-range size and habitat preferences were the main determinants of the spread and shape of seed shadows. Shrub cover was positively correlated with habitat preference at the three scales of analysis, whereas slope was negatively correlated at the home-range scale. Model scenarios indicated that spatially-aggregated seed rain emerged when we incorporated the joint effect of habitat preference at the two largest (home-range and within home-range) scales. We conclude that, in order to predict seed rain in animal dispersed plants, it is important to consider the multi-scale effects of habitat preference by frugivores.

×

A number of the subspecies were studied over several visits to Formentera and Ibiza. Podarcis pityusensis pityusensis is found on Ibiza. However, several animals of different colours were found not all of which conformed to the for that island described subspecies. Furthermore, on Formentera different forms of Podarcis pityusensis formenterae were observed. Three hybrids resulting from a cross between a male Podarcis lilfordi giglioli (Sa Dragonera) and a female Podarcis pityusensis formenterae were born under terrarium conditions. These hybrids proved to be fertile, after mating with Podarcis lilfordi lilfordi (Illa de l`Aire) males these three females laid 12 eggs. Due to a number of circumstances only one egg hatched but a normal young was produced. The various forms of Podarcis pityusensis are found not only on small islets but also on the main islands. Their presence seems to be dependent on the substrate. The hybrids and the various forms of Podarcis pityusensis on the main islands makes it questionable whether the classification of these animals into a great number of subspecies, or even into two species, is justified.

×

Spatial ecology as a crossroad for animal and plant ecology. An example using spatially explicit models of endozoochorous seed dispersal. In this article, we use seed-dispersal systems to exemplify the importance of spatial ecology for the study of plant-animal interactions. The study of seed-dispersal systems has been traditionally biased towards their plant component, with a relative disregard for the role of animal behavior and physiology. It also focused on one-dimensional dispersal kernels, which involved assumptions that are generally violated in real-world systems - such as the isometry of dispersal kernels and the lack of spatial heterogeneity within them. Most of these problems can be overcome through an explicit consideration of the spatial component of seed-dispersal systems, and the use of two- and threedimensional dispersal kernels. We provide two examples of the potential benefits of this approach, spanning an extreme range of disperser size and mobility: the dispersal of Ephedra seeds by lizards (Podarcis lilfordii) at Sa Dragonera islet (Majorca, Spain) and the dual role of Asian elephants (Oliphas maximus) as dispersers of both native and invasive species in the dry tropical forests of Southern Sri Lanka.

×

During a short visit to the Balearic Island Mallorca in August 2008 field observations on the nutrition of the endemic subspecies of the Balearic Lizard on Dragonera (Sa Dragonera) as well as the introduced population of the Ibiza Wall Lizard in Palma de Mallorca were made. These observations are briefly described considering literature relevant to mutualistic interactions between the lizards and fructiferous plants.

×

Aim To describe and analyse phylogeographical patterns in the endangered endemic lizard Podarcis lilfordi from across its remaining range and thereby establish baseline information on genetic diversity that will help determine conservation priorities and assist future reintroduction programs. Location Balearic Islands, Spain. Methods We analysed mitochondrial DNA (2382 bp sequence from eight genes) from 118 individuals and characterized the relationships among haplotypes using parsimony networks, as well as phylogenetic inference. Analyses of historical gene flow and population growth were used to provide further insights into population histories. Results Four unconnected parsimony networks were obtained that mirrored the main clades in the phylogenetic tree: (I) all Menorcan populations, (II) Dragonera, Malgrats and Toro islands (Western Mallorca) (III and IV) and the remaining populations from Cabrera and Mallorca. Two major haplotype groups were detected in Menorca (I) and these provided signatures of a demographic expansion and asymmetrical historical gene flow, respectively, concordant with the expected direction of colonization from south to north of the island. Populations from western Mallorca (II) showed evidence of historical allopatric fragmentation events following isolation around the start of the Pleistocene. In networks III and IV, Cabreran populations appear to have become isolated from north and south Mallorca quite recently, with asymmetric gene flow indicating a northwards dispersal direction. Main conclusions P. lilfordi is a genetically diverse species that shows substantial mtDNA structuring both between regions and, at a finer scale, between some islet populations within regions. The precarious state of some islet populations shown here to be quite divergent (e.g. Toro island in western Mallorca) means that conservation of this intraspecific biodiversity requires urgent action.

×

Sequences of the cytochrome b gene were analysed for 47 samples of two species of Podarcis from the Balearic Islands (P. pityusensis from Pityuses and P. lilfordi, from Gymnesies archipelago). The average uncorrected distance between the two species studied was 9.7%. The sampled individuals from each species form reciprocally monophyletic units. Assuming an overall rate of change for cytochrome b of 2% per million years the nucleotide divergence of 9.7 ± 1.9% between P. lilfordi and P. pityusensis, could correspond to a divergence time of 4.95 ± 0.95 million years. The separation time between Gymnesies and Pityuses archipelagos according to geological hypotheses is around 5 million years, thus our results suggest the ancestors of the two present forms became isolated during this event. The most parsimonious networks suggest that currently accepted subspecies do not form monophyletic groups, and so should be reassessed. Despite our limited sampling the level of variability is much higher in P. lilfordi than P. pityusensis. Since they are sister taxa the relative age of each species is equal, therefore the differences might be due to historical population structure differences. However it seems that the forms on the islands are not genetically distinct units, implying that morphological differences are recent adaptations to their environments.

×

Field observations on Podarcis lilfordi gigliolii were made on Dragonera in August of 1994. Some short discriptions of the island, the flora and the lizards are given.

×

Although Mallorca is one of the most popular holiday islands, the general herpetological interest among ist visitors is quite marginal. Nonetheless, this beautiful island is home of many interesting species, among them two lizards of the family Lacertidae: the introduced Ibiza Wall Lizard (Podarcis pityusensis) and the endemic Balear Lizard (Podarcis lilfordi). The latter became extinct on mainland Mallorca but can be found in great numbers on the islands Dragonera and Cabrera.

×

A brief report on the longevity in captivity of Podarcis pityusensis and Podarcis lilfordi.

×

A brief report on the longevity in captivity of Podarcis pityusensis and Podarcis lilfordi.